The major text for this course is: Eagly, A. E., & Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

Required readings are indicatd by an asterisk (*). They are available online on this site, or are non-circulating in the library.

1. INTRODUCTION. Historical overview, definition of attitude, attitude structure.

*Allport, G. W. (1935). Attitudes. In M. Fishbein (Ed.)(1967). Readings in attitude theory and measurement. New York:  Wiley. Ch. 1 - click here.

*Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt, Brace, Javanovich, Ch. 1.

*Prislin, R., & Crano, W. D. (2008). Attitudes and attitude change: The fourth peak. In Crano, D. W., & Prislin R. (Eds.), Attitudes and attitude change (pp. 3-15). New York: Psychology Press. - click here.

*Ajzen, I. (2005). Attitudes, personality, and behavior (2nd Ed.). Chicago, IL: Dorsey Press. Ch. 1. - click here.

Greenwald, A. G. (1989). Why are attitudes important? In A. R. Pratkanis, S. J. Breckler,, & A. G. Greenwald (Eds.). Attitude structure and function. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Ch. 1 - click here.

Rosenberg, M. J., & Hovland, C. I. (1960).  Cognitive, affective, and behavioral components of attitudes.  In C. I. Hovland, & M. J. Rosenberg (Eds.), Attitude organization and change (pp. 1-14).  New Haven, CT:  Yale University Press.

Breckler, S. J. (1984).  Empirical validation of affect, behavior, and cognition as distinct components of attitude.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 1191-1205.

2. ATTITUDE MEASUREMENT I: Standard attitude scaling, subjective probabilities and values.

*Himmelfarb (1993). The measurement of attitudes. In A. H. Eagly & S. Chaiken (1993). The psychology of attitudes. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt, Brace, Javanovich. Ch. 2.

*Fishbein, M. (1967). A consideration of beliefs and their role in attitude measurement. In M. Fishbein (Ed.). Readings in attitude theory and measurement. New York:  Wiley. Ch. 28. - click here.

*Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975).  Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior:  An introduction to theory and research.  Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Pp. 53-89. - click here.

Dawes, R. M., & Smith, T. L. (1985). Attitude and opinion measurement. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (3rd Ed., Vol. 1, pp. 509-566). New York: Random House.

Green, B. F. (1954).  Attitude measurement.  In G. Lindzey (Ed.), Handbook of social psychology, (Vol. 1, pp. 335-369).  Reading, MA:  Addison-Wesley. 

Osgood, C. E., Suci, G. J., & Tannenbaum, P. H. (1957).  The measurement of meaning.  Urbana, IL:  University of Illinois Press. Especially Ch. 5.

3. ATTITUDE MEASUREMENT II: Alternative techniques, reliability and validity of attitude measures.

*Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975).  Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior:  An introduction to theory and research.  Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Pp. 89-114. - click here.

*Ajzen, I. (2002). Attitude assessment. In R. F. Ballesteros (Ed.), Encyclopedia of psychological assessment (Vol. 1,pp. 110-115). London: Sage Publications. - click here

*Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464-1480. - click here.

*Devos, I. (2002). Implicit attitudes 101: Theoretical and empirical insights. In Crano, D. W., & Prislin R. (Eds.), Attitudes and attitude change (pp. 3-15). New York: Psychology Press. - click here.

*Take the Implicit Association Test for race.

Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, R. W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validity by the multitrait-multimethod matrix.  Psychological Bulletin, 52, 81-105. (Reprinted in M. Fishbein (Ed.) (1967). Readings in attitude theory and measurement. New York:  Wiley. Ch. 31.)

Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1983). The role of bodily responses in attitude measurement and change. In J. T. Cacioppo & R. E. Petty (Eds.), Social psychophysiology: A source book (pp. 51-101). New York: Guilford Press. - click here

Kidder, L. H. & Campbell, D. T. (1970). The indirect testing of social attitudes. In G. F. Summers, (Ed.). Attitude measurement (pp. 333-385). Chicago: Rand McNally. Ch. 20.

4. ATTITUDE FORMATION AND STRUCTURE I: Behavioral and Dynamic Approaches.

*Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt, Brace, Javanovich. Ch. 9, pp. 392-424 and Ch. 10, pp. 455-492

*Olson, M. A., & Fazio, R. H. (2001). Implicit attitude formation through classical conditioning. Psychological Science, 12, 413-417.Click here.

*Pleyers, G., Corneille, O., Luminet, O., & Yzerbyt, V. (2007). Aware and (dis)liking: Item-based analyses reveal that valence acquisition via evaluative conditioning emerges only when there is contingency awareness. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 33, 130-144. Click here.

*Walther, E., & Langer, T. (2008). Attitude formation and change through association: An evaluative conditioning account. In Crano, D. W., & Prislin R. (Eds.), Attitudes and attitude change (pp. 87-109). New York: Psychology Press. - click here.

Fishbein, M. (1967). A behavior theory approach to the relations between beliefs about an object and the attitude toward the object. In M. Fishbein (Ed.). Readings in attitude theory and measurement. New York:  Wiley. Ch. 44.

Staats, A. W. & Staats, C. K. (1958). Attitudes established by classical conditioning. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 57, 37-40. click here

Anderson, N. H. (1965). Averaging versus adding as a stimulus-combination rule in impression formation. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 70, 394-400.

5. ATTITUDE FORMATION AND STRUCTURE II: Cognitive Consistency and Information Processing Approaches.

*Stone, J., & Fernandez, N. C. (2008). How behavior shapes attitudes: Cognitive dissonance processes. In Crano, D. W., & Prislin R. (Eds.), Attitudes and attitude change (pp. 313-334). New York: Psychology Press. here.

*Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975).  Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior:  An introduction to theory and research.  Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Ch. 6. - click here.

*Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. Ch. 3 and Ch. 10, pp. 455-492.

Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1998). Attitude structure and function. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (4^th Ed., Vol. 1, pp. 269-322). Boston: McGraw-Hill. -- Tower Library

Krosnick, J. A., Boninger, D. S., Yao, C. C., Berent, M. K., & Carnot, C. G. (1993). Attitude strength: One construct or many related constructs? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1132-1151.

Snyder, M., & DeBono, K. G. (1989). Understanding the functions of attitudes: Lessons from personality and social behavior. In A. R. Pratkanis, S. J. Breckler, & A . G. Greenwald, Attitude structure and function (pp. 339-359. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Ch. 13.

6. ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR I: Failure of the traditional approach; compatibility and the aggregation solution; moderating variables.

*Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. Ch. 4.

*Ajzen, I. (2005). Attitudes, personality, and behavior (2nd Ed.). Chicago, IL: Dorsey Press. Chs. 2, 3, & 4.
- click here for Ch. 2.
- click here for Ch. 3.
- click here for Ch. 4.

*Rajecki, D. W. (1990). Attitudes. 2nd Ed. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer. Ch. 4 (pp. 107-142). - click here.

Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1977). Attitude-behavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research. Psychological Bulletin, 84, 888-918.

Wicker, A. W. (1969). Attitudes versus actions. Journal of Social Issues, 25, 41-78.

Epstein, S. (1983).  Aggregation and beyond:  Some basic issues on the prediction of behavior.  Journal of Personality, 51, 360-392.

7. ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR II: The theory of reasoned action / planned behavior.

*Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179-211. - click here

*Conner, M. & Sparks, P. (2005), The theory of planned behavior and health behaviors. In M. Conner & P. Norman (Eds.). Predicting health behavior (2nd Ed, pp. 121-162). Buckingham, UK: Open University Press. Ch. 5. - click here.

*Bamberg, S., Ajzen, I., & Schmidt, P. (2003). Past behavior, habit, and reasoned action: Choice of travel mode in the theory of planned behavior. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 25, 175-188. - click here

*Hrubes, D., Ajzen, I., & Daigle, J. (2001). Predicting hunting intentions and behavior: An application of the theory of planned behavior. Leisure Sciences, 23, 165-178. - click here

*Browse my personal website -- follow the link to the theory of planned behavior (TpB). Note the list of references on the TpB and the two papers describing how to construct a TpB questionnaire and how to use the theory for purposes of designing an intervention.

8. ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR III: Reasoned vs. automatic processes; past behavior and habit.

*Fazio, R. H., & Towles-Schwen, T. (1999). The MODE model of attitude-behavior processes. In S. Chaiken & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual-process theories in social psychology. (pp. 97-116). New York: Guilford. - click here

* Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (2000). Attitudes and the attitude-behavior relation: Reasoned and automatic processes. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European review of social psychology. Chichester, England: Wiley. - click here

*Aizen, I. (2001). Residual Effects of Past on Later Behavior: Habituation and Reasoned Action Perspectives. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6, 107-122. - click here

*Gollwitzer, P. M. (1999). Implementation intentions: Strong effects of simple plans. American Psychologist, 54, 493-503.

Doll, J., & Ajzen, I. (1992). Accessibility and stability of predictors in the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 754-765. - click here

Ouellette, J. A., & Wood, W. (1998). Habit and intention in everyday life: The multiple processes by which past behavior predicts future behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 54-74. - click here.

For a recent review of the attitude-behavior issues, see:

Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (2005). The influence of attitudes on behavior. In D. Albarracín, B. T. Johnson & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), The handbook of attitudes (pp. 173-221). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. - click here

9. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: The Hovland Paradigm.

*Hovland, C. I., Janis, I. L., & Kelley, H. H. (1953). Communication and persuasion. New Haven: Yale University Press. Ch. 9. - click here

*Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. Ch. 10, pp. 427-455.

*Ajzen, I. (1992). Persuasive communication theory in social psychology: A historical perspective. In M. J. Manfredo (Ed.), Influencing human behavior: Theory and applications in recreation, tourism, and natural resource management (pp. 1-27). Champaign, IL: Sagamore Publishing. - click here

Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1981).  Attitudes and persuasion:  Classic and contemporary approaches.  Dubuque, Iowa:  Wm. C. Brown. Chs. 3, 4.

McGuire, W. J. (1985). Attitudes and attitude change. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (3rd Ed., Vol. 2, pp. 233-346). New York: Random House.

Cook, T. D., & Flay, B. R. (1978). The persistence of experimentally induced attitude change. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 11). New York: Academic Press.

10. ACTIVE PARTICIPATION IN THE PERSUASION PROCESS: Role playing, counterattitudinal advocacy, resistance to persuasion.

*Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975).  Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior:  An introduction to theory and research.  Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Ch. 10. - click here.

*Eagly & Chaiken (1993), Chs. 11, 12

*Eagly, A. H. (1992). Uneven progress: Social psychology and the study of attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 693-710. - click here.

11. INFORMATION PROCESSING PERSPECTIVES: Reception and yielding; cognitive responding.

*Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. Chs. 5, 6, 8.

*Petty, R. E., Ostrom, T. M., & Brock, T. C. (1981). Historical foundations of the cognitive response approach to attitudes and persuasion. In R. E. Petty, T. M. Ostrom, & T. C. Brock (Eds.), Cognitive responses in persuasion (pp. 5-29). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Ch. 1. - click here

*Cacioppo, J. T., Harkins, S. G., & Petty, R. E. (1981). The nature of attitudes and cognitive responses and their relationships to behavior. In R. E. Petty, T. M. Ostrom, & T. C. Brock (Eds.), Cognitive responses in persuasion (pp. 31-54). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Ch. 2. - click here

McGuire, W. J. (1968). Personality and attitude change: An information-processing theory. In A. G. Greenwald, T. C. Brock, & T. M. Ostrom, Psychological foundations of attitudes (pp. 171-196). New York: Academic Press.

12. DUAL-MODE PROCESSING MODELS OF PERSUASION: The nature of persuasion; acceptance, yielding, and impact; the elaboration likelihood model; the heuristic-systematic model.

*Petty, R. E., Cacioppo, J. T., Strathman, A. J., & Priester, J. R. (1994). To think or not to think: Exploring two routes to persuasion. In S. Shavitt & T. C. Brock (Eds.), Persuasion: Psychological insights and perspectives (pp. 113-147). Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Ch. 6. - click here

*Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. Ch. 7.

* Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1981).  Acceptance, yielding, and impact:  Cognitive responses to message content.  In R. E. Petty, T. M. Ostrom, & T. C. Brock (Eds.), Cognitive responses in persuasion.  Hillsdale, NJ:  Erlbaum. Ch. 15. - click here

* Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980).  Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior.  Englewood Cliffs, NJ:  Prentice-Hall. Ch. 15. - click here

Chen, S., & Chaiken, S. (1999). The heuristic-systematic model in its broader context. In S. Chaiken & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual-process theories in social psychology. (pp. 73-96). New York: Guilford Press.

Petty, R. E., & Wegener, D. T. (1999). The elaboration likelihood model: Current status and controversies. In S. Chaiken & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual-process theories in social psychology. (pp. 41-72). New York: Guilford Press.

Chaiken, S. (1980). Heuristic versus systematic information processing and the use of source versus message cues in persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 752-766.

13. ISSUES AND CONTROVERSIES: The logic of two persuasion processes; the limited impact of the mass media; subliminal persuasion. Conclusions.

*Kruglanski, A. W., & Thompson, E. P. (1999). Persuasion by a single route: A view from the unimodel. Psychological Inquiry, 10, 83-109 - click here .

*Petty, R. E., Wheeler, S. C., & Bizer, G. Y. (1999). Is there one persuasion process or more? Lumping versus splitting in attitude change theories. Psychological Inquiry, 10, 156-163. - click here.

*Brannon, L. A., & Brock, T. C. (1994). The subliminal persuasion controversy. In S. Shavitt & T. C. Brock (Eds.). Persuasion: Psychological insights and perspectives. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Ch. 12. - click here

McGuire, W. J. (1986). The myth of massive media impact: Savagings and salvagings. In G. Comstock (Ed.), Public communication and behavior (Vol. 1, pp. 173-257). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.